Adafruit gfx drawbitmap. it/cBB Download Adafruit_BusIO Library https://adafru.

There are many PC apps and web apps that can convert a BMP or JPEG into a suitable bitmap like my "tractor_128x64. Hellos in case someone would like to know more. Parameters: x:x-coordinate of the upper, left corner of the bitmap. All you'd need to do is load the image as an array of colors and copy those to the corresponding points in the LED matrix. mgb August 4, 2021, 4:46pm 1. Nov 8, 2018 · My apologies. h> #include "bitmaps. Read the documentation. Defaults to 400000 (400 KHz), a known 'safe' value for most microcontrollers, and meets the OLED datasheet spec. Nov 9, 2016 · For this ESP8266 project, I'm using the Adafruit-GFX-Library and esp8266-oled-ssd1306 (GitHub - ThingPulse/esp8266-oled-ssd1306: Driver for the SSD1306 and SH1106 based 128x64, 128x32, 64x48 pixel OLED display running on ESP8266/ESP32). Since the display uses 4-wire SPI to communicate and has its own pixel-addressable frame buffer, it can be Jul 29, 2012 · The rotation parameter can be 0, 1, 2 or 3. pburgess wrote: Since they're all subclasses of Adafruit_GFX, the canvas types (1-, 8- and 16-bit) inherit ALL the stuff, including text functions. The RGB version just copies all bytes from buffer to display. Oct 4, 2016 · The parameters name is color, ist type is uint16_t. You need to specify this information to the simple GFX functions. The B&W version has an additional input: the desired colour. Quick links Jul 29, 2012 · More recent versions of the Adafruit GFX library offer the ability to use alternate fonts besides the one standard fixed-size and -spaced face that’s built in. This is the core graphics library for all our displays, providing a common set of graphics primitives (points, lines, circles, etc. h> I have a bitmaps. It expects a single uint8_t array. The image itself draws fine if I use the drawBitmap that doesn't include the mask. Code: Select all. Ive been following THIS video guide on how to generate the bitmap code and ive used both the Image2Code Java Utility as well as Adafruit GFX Library This is the core graphics library for all our displays, providing a common set of graphics primitives (points, lines, circles, etc. You signed out in another tab or window. The code for this is quite long since it is part of a Nov 7, 2021 · In this example file for the Adafruit GFX and TFT libraries you will see that an instance of the TFT didplay is created in line 41. I've tried various widths and heights, which give pretty funky results too. Jan 8, 2013 · Reset pin (using Arduino pin numbering), or -1 if not used (some displays might be wired to share the microcontroller's reset pin). JdogAwesome May 8, 2018, 5:29pm 1. h" #include <Adafruit_SPITFT. The data seems fine in the . Home. I am using with the Adafruit gfx library and the SH1106 Adafruit compatible library. Install this library in addition to the display library for your hardware. h. The first, Adafruit_GFX. I believe the issue comes from the way drawBitmap from Adafruit GFX differs from drawRGBbitmap. Finally, connect the pins to your Arduino. All the drawing functions (including RGB bitmap drawing) take care of this automatically, but some Jan 24, 2015 · Adafruit image bitmap generator. The gain is a savings of 14 lines of code (~double that if you count my new function) and improved code DRYness. So, can someone explain how the drawBitmap() fucntion works? Dec 6, 2018 · According to Adafruit's documentation, that'll work like this: void drawBitmap(int16_t x, int16_t y, uint8_t *bitmap, int16_t w, int16_t h, uint16_t color); The docs also say: The bitmap data must be located in program memory using the PROGMEM directive. If you have a LED Matrix with the size of 32 x 16 or. More virtual void startWrite (void) Start a display-writing routine, overwrite in subclasses. This allows Arduino sketches to easily be adapted between display types with minimal fuss…and any new features, performance improvements and bug fixes will immediately apply across our complete offering of color displays. sy: height of the bitmap in pixels. Code I'm using: #include <Adafruit_GFX. Jun 18, 2014 · Re: Req: drawBitmaps inverse B&W on monochrome OLED display? by Hazender » Tue Sep 08, 2015 11:38 am. 13 V4 Screen. h” libraries to control the OLED display. You use this form of the drawBitmap function: Code: Select all. h> // Core graphics library. PNG image into a constant char array that can be included and shown directly on screen. But then I have a lot of unnecessary array elements for unused pixels. 64 x 32 or 8 x 8 you need to create a new file with the exact same size! Step 2: Draw your bitmap pixel per pixel. I used the image2cpp utility online, but the display only shows giberish in the 7x6 area where the bitmap should be. 2- use LCD assistant tool to load BMP and create HEX array. adafruit_support_bill wrote: The SSD1331 is a 96x64x16 bit display. void drawCircleHelper (int16_t x0, int16_t y0, int16_t r, uint8_t cornername, uint16_t color) Quarter-circle drawer, used to do circles and roundrects. cpp:1540. static uint8_t logo_bmp[], a 16 by 16 pixel small star). 96インチ★OLEDモジュール★I2C★ [OLED096UNO-A] 販売価格: 500円(税別) (税込: 550円) いろいろ Jul 11, 2020 · Issue type: enhancement. Quick links Sep 7, 2015 · Step 1: Open photoshop and create a new template with the size of your LED Matrix. h files I ended up with. Upload the code and you should see the logo on your OLED display. Jan 11, 2023 · Arduino UNOとSSD1306にアイテムを回転表示する(drawBitmap) x 過去ログをみよ. begin(SSD1306_SWITCHCAPVCC); // init done. 0" display has 320x240 color pixels, it is a true TFT IPS display for vivid color and high-angle visibility. 1. Jul 29, 2012 · The Adafruit_GFX library for Arduino provides a common syntax and set of graphics functions for all of our LCD and OLED displays and LED matrices. Jan 8, 2013 · Public Member Functions inherited from Adafruit_GFX Adafruit_GFX (int16_t w, int16_t h) Instatiate a GFX context for graphics! Can only be done by a superclass. The TFT driver (ST7789) can display full 18 The webpage is an article on Zhihu Zhuanlan that allows users to write freely and express themselves. Reload to refresh your session. ). Back to topic im gonna show you quick how to display bitmaps on your LED Matrix with the help of the "drawBitmap Jan 8, 2013 · Draw a PROGMEM-resident 8-bit image (grayscale) with a 1-bit mask (set bits = opaque, unset bits = clear) at the specified (x,y) position. But the problem is, that the drawBitmap () can use only static byte PROGMEM array. The GFX code doesn't know how to handle that. David. I have used Adafruit St7789 library to draw monochromatic images which are of 8 Neal Horman / Adafruit_GFX. May 8, 2018 · Using ArduinoDisplays. y: y-coordinate of the upper, left corner of the bitmap. 48x48 is 4608 bytes. I wrote a simple sketch that repeatedly updates a 4-character value using font FreeMonoBold24pt7b. An Arduino Due has 512 kB of Flash memory and 96kB of SRAM. BOTH buffers (grayscale and mask) must be PROGMEM-resident. #include <Adafruit_GFX. There are a couple of misunderstanding of the fundamental C++/Arduino programming concepts, 1) epd_bitmap_123_1 [] is not a string (a string is an array of unsigned char terminated by a \0 in C++), it is an array of unsigned char (a. uint8_t in C++, or byte in Arduino). 每個檔案名稱都以Free+字體名稱（FreeMono、FreeSerif等）開頭，後面接著樣式（粗體、斜體 Jun 7, 2014 · Code: Select all. Adafruit GFX graphics core library, this is the 'core' class that all our other graphics libraries derive from. Jan 19, 2019 · Hi All, I'm working on a project that will display an color image matrix that I have stored in progmem. zip (2. I'm seeing very slow run-time of the GFX library's drawBitmap(). Hello. The Adafruit_NeoMatrix library for Arduino builds upon Adafruit_NeoPixel to create two-dimensional graphic displays using NeoPixels. The reasons for using FastLED instead of Adafruit::Neopixel as a backend, include: FastLED supports more microcontrollers; Better support for ESP32 than Adafruit::Neopixel Saved searches Use saved searches to filter your results more quickly Jul 7, 2021 · Step through the sprite memory array and bg image memory array together. 3v line internally! (neat!) display. You can then easily draw shapes, text and animation without having to calculate every X/Y pixel position. In setup () there is a begin () function, not init. bmp into the base directory of a microSD card and insert it into the microSD socket in the breakout. If you have a problem, quote library version numbers, library example sketch (s) David. Solder the short pins into the OLED PCB. You'll need to connect up the MISO pin to Nov 21, 2018 · I am using the GFX library on a huzzah32. Sep 7, 2015 · Hi all, First of all i am totally new to programming, arduino and LED matrices. This little project came out of the necessity for a program that could be used to generate embedded images for use in Adafruit TFT screens. h" file. Oct 1, 2020 · ok so ijust killed the original gfx bitmap functions both in the cpp and . With is bad, I need to read the img array from eeprom to buffer (byte buf May 18, 2015 · It is like the Adafruit_GFX library (only a little bit changed). Possible, yes. If you're using the prior versions of both, everything's fine (as long as you pass 16x16 as the bitmap dimensions)or alternately, update both to Mar 8, 2024 · The 2. So im trying to put byte array of image in external eeprom (c24LC16B) and use drawBitmap () function in Adafruit gfx library to draw it on Nokia 3310 LCD (with Adafruit PCD8544 library). 84 KB) Feb 15, 2023 · adafruit industries. Quick links This code was taken from Adafruit_NeoMatrix and adapted to work with the more powerful FastLED library. Oct 26, 2011 · i have been busy porting more games that use the TVout library to the adafruitgfx and ssd1306 library and two things are in my way one is in the tv out library when displaying a bitmap you can set the beginning of the bitmap data in the command so you can multiple images in a single array that start and end at different points, the adafruit library dosnt allow that it by default has the start Jan 8, 2013 · Invert the display (ideally using built-in hardware command) Definition: Adafruit_GFX. So, can someone explain how the drawBitmap() fucntion works? Dec 10, 2022 · My device is a timer for a UV- C disinfection chamber and it does not require the display to be on all the time, power consumption is not an issue but I am trying to extend the life of the display. Mar 9, 2021 · The Adafruit_GFX library has the drawGreyscaleBitmap () command, and it gives the best output so far, but it displays it tiled twice in the top half with a bar of noise below. Larger displays can be formed using sections of NeoPixel Jan 7, 2014 · Re: NeoPixel Matrix drawBitmap from SD card ?? by adafruit_support_mike » Wed Jan 08, 2014 4:15 am. Jul 29, 2012 · The 128x32 I2C OLED is very easy to get up and running because it has built in level shifting and regulator. This simple change of DrawBitmap code works : Code: Select all. Here’s the full example of using the miliohm logo bitmap. A 48x24 array of RAW pixels takes 2304 bytes. The included fonts are derived from the GNU FreeFont project. For displays that are part of an Arduino shield, rotation value 0 sets the display to a portrait (tall) mode, with the USB jack at the top right. So, the Parameter accepts a value from 0 to 65535. Follow the next steps to install those libraries. My routine does not display it correctly on the SD1306 device. sources. Quick links Sep 28, 2016 · Re: GFX library bitmap commands. it/cBB Download Adafruit_BusIO Library https://adafru. Adafruit invests time and resources providing this open source Jul 3, 2017 · Hi everyone, I am having a bit of trouble drawing a bitmap on a 128x64 sh1106 display. With the tool Img2Code I converted my image into a bitmap. Adafruit GFX Library. 0" 320x240 Color IPS TFT display breakout has excellent visibility from any angle. h>. May 3, 2016 · Re: Adafruit GFX library Font Colors. This is called inheritance, and it's the way object-oriented languages work. 2) When passing in an array to a function as an argument, C++ The only loss is if ppl are using the function to drawBitmap without erasing the clearing the grid beforehand which I feel may be unlikely. Maintainer: Adafruit. 96インチ★OLEDモジュール★I2C★ [OLED096UNO-A] I am aware that there is a Adafruit function for bitmaps: void Adafruit_GFX::drawBitmap() I couldn't get it to work with my hex array, also the possibility on how to change quadrant colors or other subdivisions lead me to write my own version I modified from 8x8 Panel case. Sep 28, 2016 · Here is my steps followed, 1- Make monochrome image of LOGO using pantbresh and save. by adafruit_support_rick » Fri Sep 30, 2016 8:51 am. This program and accompanying code can show either packed Aug 31, 2017 · The only way how I can make it work is to create 32x32px image and in the top left corner put the icon. Trying to use a canvas to update the screen so that i can avoid the flashing screen problem, i have a good few updates to do, i'm running some timers and updating some fields etc. The data array you have there appears to be much smaller than that. Please allow extra time for your order to ship and plan accordingly. h> // Hardware-specific library for ST7789. That is 16 bits of color. 5 tft featherwing with the feather esp32. Feb 17, 2023 · adafruit industries. Small NeoPixel matrices are available in the shop. print() function. Place the OLED on top. I have a problem trying to draw an image on my ST7789 2inch TFT. What You signed in with another tab or window. I tried different librarys many combinations of the code, every time there is some&hellip; Apr 23, 2023 · Before proceeding, make sure you have installed the“adafruit_GFX. 48x48 is about 7080 bytes. Author: Adafruit. If you're using the prior versions of both, everything's fine (as long as you pass 16x16 as the bitmap dimensions)or alternately, update both to May 28, 2016 · It looks like you've declared your bitmap as a multidimensional array. 這些字體放在 Adafruit_GFX 程式庫內的「Fonts」資料夾內，可設定的字型如下圖：. Monday 9/4/2023 is Labor Day. Speed (in Hz) for Wire transmissions in library calls. First up, take a piece of 0. Quick links Mar 15, 2011 · Everything else stays in Adafruit_GFX. Quick links Nov 13, 2017 · The problem is when i use one of the bitmap files in the Adafruit code (e. 程序中我们使用了图像库「Adafruit_GFX」中的drawBitmap()函数，函数参数分别输入了要显示的坐标，字符数据源，字符的宽高，最后参数由于我们的OLED是单色的，默认为1。 Jun 22, 2019 · The problem is when i use one of the bitmap files in the Adafruit code (e. sx: width of the bitmap in pixels. This program converts any . Basically, it's all wrong. Everything works. It needs to be paired with a hardware-specific library for each display device we carry (to handle the lower-level functions). Here is an example in the attachment. Quick links Feb 13, 2023 · I breadboarded an Adafruit 3677 (ItsyBitsy 32u4 5V) with an Adafruit 4383 (240x135 LCD ST7789). Copy the hexadecimal code and paste in your arduino. These displays are a great way to add a small, colorful and bright display to any project. Sep 7, 2019 · Adafruit GFX程式庫提供更換字體的能力，除了預設的標準固定大小字體外，還有幾種字體可用。. Most microcontrollers (such as SAMD) are little-endian, while most displays tend toward big-endianness. When I compile the test code I see I'm using 288% of RAM. Aug 9, 2023 · Re: Adafruit_GFX drawBitmap using an array question Post by sj_remington » Wed Aug 09, 2023 3:53 pm "fishTails" is an array of text strings, which you could display using the . clkDuring. e. The code of my images (battery i. Rotation 1 is landscape (wide) mode, with the USB jack at the bottom right Jun 7, 2014 · Code: Select all. A 48x24 array of BMP data takes about 3500 bytes. t0r30rs August 28, 2017, 9:52am 3. If i copy and use the Adafruit GFX drawBitmap() function, it displays ok. it/Ldl Accessing GFX Functions Any Arduino sketch using Adafruit_GFX needs to #include two libraries. I don't have time to go through them all right now. Quick links Aug 28, 2017 · A BMP file has a header that tells you the dimensions and format of the bitmap data. void drawInvertBitmapColor(int16_t x, int16_t y, const uint8_t *bitmap, int16_t w, int16_t h, uint16_t color) {. On a colour TFT this works awesome, but not on B&W screens like the Memory Display. Untuk ukuran maksimal dari logo yang dapat ditampilkan oleh SSD1306 ini adalah 128x64 Jun 27, 2013 · Here's the code for anybody else who needs a very simple example of how to print a bitmap: // The following code prints myLogo, a snowflake, to the OLED screen. I have attached the image I'm using (original and 32x32px). That is 6144 pixels or 12288 bytes - much more than could fit into the SRAM of an Arduino. I managed to get everything correct with transplanting the code except im still getting argument errors and these are functions im used to using in the gamebuino library. ) is: May 5, 2020 · Then save output. const unsigned char lamp [] PROGMEM = {. Sep 5, 2014 · Enter “imageread” in the search field and the library is easy to spot: Let's start by downloading this image of a lily: Copy lily128. There are three faces: “Serif Aug 29, 2022 · 1. #include <Adafruit_ST7789. Plug the header long end down into a breadboard. OLED_Atharvak. cpp:407. h file containing the image: const unsigned char bitmapImage [] PROGMEM = { 0x00, 0xFF, 0x3A, etc }; I am then confused on how to Oct 24, 2020 · Pada modul SSD1306 0. I have converted the image from a bmp using gimp. I am not sure whether there are inefficiencies in the code I have Nov 5, 2015 · So I decided to display a own image. x Adafruit SSD1306 を インストール x Adafruit GFX Library を インストール. drawBitmap(int16_t x, int16_t y, const uint8_t *bitmap, int16_t w, int16_t h, uint16_t color, uint16_t bg) You pass one color in the 'color' parameter, and you pass the other color in the 'bg adafruit industries. Here are just a few of the problems with your class. Everything works fine, except I dont get this one function to work: drawBitmap. あいてんどう ★0. Adafruit invests time and resources providing this open source Oct 28, 2022 · I am using a Sharp Memory Display by Adafruit, and I create an image in a canvas buffer. Board: Wemos D1 R32, Mega 2560; If the method drawRGBBitmap(int16_t x, int16_t y, uint16_t *bitmap, int16_t w, int16_t h) is changed to virtual, this allows significant performance gains for any display board that supports a 'bulk transfer' mechanism, on the order of 90% or better. 目的 OLEDのテスト. Or maybe just draw each pixel as you go along. 96 inch I2C OLED display, kita dapat membuat icon atau logo untuk ditampilkan. . Skip to content. Rotation value 2 is also a portrait mode, with the USB jack at the bottom left. Quick links Oct 3, 2012 · Possibly relatedjust yesterday I made a change in Adafruit_GFX that affects the layout of bitmap data, and the PCD8544 example sketch had not been correspondingly updated (just fixed that now). You switched accounts on another tab or window. You can save the output to . by cwil » Thu Nov 30, 2017 8:01 pm. Oct 3, 2012 · Possibly relatedjust yesterday I made a change in Adafruit_GFX that affects the layout of bitmap data, and the PCD8544 example sketch had not been correspondingly updated (just fixed that now). Display. g. Once done, draw the sprite. so the canvas option as per Oct 21, 2012 · Re: SSD1331 and drawBitmap () by gotnull » Sun Jan 04, 2015 9:01 am. When using 16 bits of color, usually R, G, and B are divided equally giving 3 * 5 = 15 bits and the additional bit is allocated to Green. h” and the “adafruit_SSD1306. drawBitmap ( 0, 0, code, 124, 31, 1); function, which to my understand has the correct input: offset 0,0 width: 124, height: 31 Aug 29, 2012 · Text editor powered by tinymce. This tutorial is for our 1. Dec 31, 2015 · I breadboarded an Adafruit 3677 (ItsyBitsy 32u4 5V) with an Adafruit 4383 (240x135 LCD ST7789). h, declares Jul 21, 2019 · 5. SCL , SCL SDA , SDA. drawGrayscaleBitmap(0,0, zuko ,128, 128); // zuko: array name. But since i saw LED matrices on the net and how awesome their lightshows can be i ordered a arduino mega, LED matrix 32 x 16 and now im sitting here cheering like a little boy everytime something works. You should have a look at some other libraries that inherit from Adafruit_GFX to see how it's done. The bit map was created using Image2cpp and is. drawBitmap" command. Already part of the Adafruit libraries, I don't think so. drawBitmap(x, y, sx, sy, data, deg, rox, roy); Draw a bitmap on the screen with rotation. Search Advanced search. k. a. adafruit industries. Adafruit GFX graphics core Arduino library, this is the 'core' class that all our other graphics libraries derive from - adafruit/Adafruit-GFX-Library Jun 14, 2024 · Download Adafruit_GFX Library https://adafru. In the Adafruit forum I asked what's the reason for the slowness, and does the library offer a faster alternative? Dec 31, 2015 · GFX lib with font, canvas, and drawBitmap () runs slow. 8" diagonal TFT display & microSD in both the shield and breakout board configurations. Hi looking for a quick pointer, trying to use my 3. I also created the 1 bit mask and exported using the glib export plugin for gimp. I have the image in PROGMEM. Dec 13, 2023 · I have an WEMONS S2 mini and a Waveshare 2. I am trying to display a cross which is 7x6 pixels. Dependents: servo_sensor ArchPro_TFT BLE_Display SSD1306_demo more. customer support forums. david_prentice: The basic GFX class can render several types of "bitmap" e. Specifically for 8-bit display devices such as IS31FL3731; no color reduction/expansion is performed. txt file so it can easy to open with any text editor. A square image is draw but it is just filled with random dots. Does drawRGBBitmap create a RAM buffer the size of the image before writing it to the display? Will I have to handle drawing the image in blocks to conserve RAM? I'm using a Mega2560. display. Two more wires are required to interface with the onboard SD card. byteSwap (void) Reverses the "endian-ness" of each 16-bit pixel within the canvas; little-endian to big-endian, or big-endian to little. Hey guys hopefully this is the right place to ask this, but im having some problems trying to draw a bitmap on my 1. 1" header 6 pins long. 实验分析. This is a somewhat advanced function and beginners are best advised to come back to this later. If the color of the sprite pixel is the color declared as transparent, replace the value in the sprite array with the value in the bg image array. So both libraries support all of the drawBitmap () methods from Adafruit_GFX. virtual void writePixel (int16_t x, int16_t y, uint16_t color) Aug 4, 2021 · Using Arduino Displays. Is this possible? Here are the details that hopefully are help: #include <Adafruit_ST7735. Quick links Mar 16, 2022 · I want to draw a large image as the background of a 240x240 tft display using "drawRGBBitmap". 3- put in code and update the "width,length" in "tft. For this project you also need two aditional libraries to read from the DHT sensor: the DHT library and the Adafruit_Sensor library. void Adafruit_GFX::drawXBitmap(int16_t x, int16_t y, const uint8_t *bitmap, int16_t w, int16_t h,uint16_t color) How to include this code and print the bitmap on the tft? arduino-mega. Your "drawBitmap()" is a different style to the regular Adafruit_GFX drawBitmap() for monohrome bitmaps. }; // by default, we'll generate the high voltage from the 3. To avoid flicker I used a canvas (size 108x32) and Mar 31, 2020 · Arduino_ST7789_Fast is a hack of Adafruit_ST7789 library. A derived version of the BSD licensed Adafrut GFX library for the SSD1306 controller for an OLED 128x32 or 128x64 display using SPI or I2C. You’ll see this in most examples, near the top of the code. Oct 15, 2022 · I have 2 bitmaps, one 48x24 other 48x48 arduino handle them hardly, the code+RGB565 bitmaps equal 93/100 of flash memory. x 回路は、Arduinoと同じ. 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x80, 0xff, 0xff adafruit industries. Compatibility adafruit industries. Mekanismenya ialah SSD1306 hanya terdiri dari 2 warna (pitih dan hitam) dengan mengatur nyala (putih)/mati (hitam) pada susunan pixel dari icon yang kita buat. // 'lamp, 41x52px. To avoid flicker I used a canvas (size 108x32) and drawBitmap() with foreground/background colors. Refer to: High color - Wikipedia. Several alternate fonts are included, plus there’s the ability to add new ones. by gammaburst » Sat Feb 11, 2023 7:22 pm. Attach a file with your actual data. Both libraries inherit Adafruit_GFX. This 2. I created a 124x31 pixel bmp which I converted using the Img2Code Java programm form the Adafruit-GFX-Library: I added the code as an array to the sample sketch and used the display. Adafruit_GFX::drawCircleHelper. Adafruit_TFTLCD tft(LCD_CS, LCD_CD, LCD_WR, LCD_RD, LCD_RESET); // may not be your dislplay but the syntax is proper. Quick links . setFont (), setCursor (), write (), print () and println () all work on canvases (RAM permitting; Uno boards aren't good at Jan 8, 2013 · Invert the display (ideally using built-in hardware command) Definition: Adafruit_GFX. Since the display uses 4-wire SPI to communicate and has its own pixel-addressable frame buffer, it can be used with every kind of microcontroller. zip. 8" TFT display via the Adafruit GFX library. Definition: Adafruit_GFX. I breadboarded an Adafruit 3677 (ItsyBitsy 32u4 5V) with an Adafruit 4383 (240x135 LCD ST7789). vr qi rj fl ww zd cr jz rl th